Sustainable iron-rich cements: Raw material sources and binder types

The bulk of the cement industry's environmental burden is from calcareous source. Calcium mostly available naturally as limestone (CaCO3), where almost half mass eventually released CO2 during clinker manufacture. Iron (Fe) fourth most common element in Earth's crust surpassed only by oxygen, silicon, and aluminium; therefore, potential raw materials for alternative cements can contain significant amounts iron. This review paper discusses detail abundantly Fe-rich natural resources industrial by-products residues, establishing symbiotic supply chains various sectors. discussion then focusses on impact high iron content ferrite (thermo)chemistry, well importance speciation its involvement reactions supplementary cementitious material or alkali-activated materials, technical quality that be achieved sustainable cements.